The Snitching Project The Snitching Project, led by Dr. Rick Frei, is an ongoing student-driven interdisciplinary research initiative aimed at developing a better understanding of the snitching phenomenon and facilitating community discussion through education. The project began in 2007 as part of an Applied Psychology course project at the Community College of Philadelphia (CCP). Students conducted focus groups throughout the city of Philadelphia to gain a better understanding of snitching, people's attitudes towards the police, and community involvement. From these focus groups, we concluded that: a) there is not one common definition of snitching, and b) both attitudinal and situational factors influence whether (and to what extent) a person would provide evidence to the police. We developed hypotheses regarding the nature of the snitching construct, possible antecedents and correlates of snitching attitudes, and situational factors (i.e., characteristics of the victim) that might influence involvement. The students developed a survey to test their hypotheses, which they adminsitered to nearly 1500 Community College students. See their questionnaire at Student Survey on Snitching. One set of hypotheses regarded the relationship between snitching attitudes and the amount of violence in a person's neighborhood. The violent crime rate in Philadelphia has increased in the past three years, especially in the Southwest and Northeast sections of the city. We hypothesized that attitudes towards snitching (or even how snitching is defined) may be related to where the student lives in the city. As part of the survey, we asked respondents to provide their ZIP Codes. In partnership with Community College of Philadelphia's Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program, our goal is to look for geographic relationships between attitudes towards snitching and rates of criminal behavior in various sections of the city. For more information about GIS at Community College, you can visit the GIS web site at http://faculty.ccp.edu/faculty/jpicardy/. The students are currently analyzing the data (PRELIMINARY RESULTS below), which they presented at February's Law and Society Week at the Community College of Philadelphia. In addition, the project will be expanding to include: 1) an online version of the survey geared specifically towards high school students, 2) a Snitching Project web site, which will include a summary of the survey results as well as an extensive history of snitching and links to relevant web sites and articles, and 3) a Snitching Project Lesson Plan to assist educators who want to discuss this topic in a classroom setting. For more information about the Snitching Project, please contact Rick Frei at rfrei@ccp.edu or check out the following media links: 1) "To Snitch or Not to Snitch? A Community College Class Tries to Understand the Question that's Dividing the City" by Doron Taussig, City Paper. http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2008/02/21/to-snitch-or-not-to-snitch 2) "Stop Snitchin'" Wikipedia entry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Snitchin' 3) "Deadly Silence: Stop Snitching's Fatal Legecy" by Ayah Young, Wiretap Magazine http://www.wiretapmag.org/race/43473/ 4) Rick Frei interview with G-Town Radio's Malcolm Cain (link coming soon) Snitching Project Team Members Rick Frei (Director) Jamie Picardy (GIS Consultant) Rosemary McAndrew (Information Literacy Consultant) Research Team Fall 2007: Jamal Allen, Charlene Blakley, Kristin Burke, Christopher Carter, Bernard Cook, Michael Dempsey, Ron Gaskin, Derek Gibson, Rebecca Goins, Stacie-Ann Green, Tamika Hagans, Jonathan Jeffers, Taryn Johnson, Taron Jordan, Renee Kastrzak, James Lever, Latoya McKelvin, Kareem Neal, Jackie O'Brien (secretary/scheduler), Peter Oeun, Kelli Plover, Louise Plummer, Lee Salinis, Sean Swanwick (Access technical consultant), and Yevette Williams. Spring 2008: James Ackley (Law and Society Week presentation coordinator), Jasmin Andrews, Nwanyidimma Chukwujiorah, Shoneen Cooper, Brittney Galzarano, Gwen Gathers, Marilyn Gonzalez, Alexis Greer, Tymmothy Holland, Yvonda Lewis, Anthony Van Luton, Arbenita Musa, Andrew Peiffer, Jay Sol, Liania Watts, and Sarah Woodruff. Preliminary Results from the Snitching Survey NOTE: This wiki (like all wikis) is a work-in-progress. The Snitching Project uses this web site to disseminate information to team members. These results are preliminary and should be treated as such. I. Overall Frequencies A. Representativeness of Sample: Our sample was representative of Community College with regards to sex. Areas of over- or under-representation include: B. Definition of Snitching: People differ in how they define snitching. The traditional definition of telling on someone else to reduce your sentence is the most accepted, but other behaviors also are considered snitching. The less serious situations (tattling, telling on a cheater) also received high ratings (over 50%) indicating the word has different meanings in different contexts. C. Life Experience D. Situational Variables · Characteristics of Victim: Overall, students were more likely to cooperate with police if the victim was a senior citizen, a child, a friend, a relative, a disabled person or the students themselves. Students were less likely to cooperate if the victim was a known drug dealer. · Characteristics of Perp: Students were less likely to cooperate with police if the perpetrator was a friend or a relative but more likely to cooperate if the perp was a police officer or a person known to be dangerous. Whether the perp was a teenager would not make someone more or less likely to cooperate. · Characteristics of Crime: The type of crime had little effect on whether students would be more likely to cooperate. Students would be less likely to cooperate if the crime was nonviolent in nature. · Outcomes for cooperating: Most of the outcomes (reward, guaranteeing a criminal gets off the street, resulting in an innocent person or the student to go free) would make students more likely to cooperate. Nearly 30% of students said they would be less likely to cooperate if it would affect their reputations in the neighborhood. II. Demographic Data Sex Differences · Crime: Men were more likely to be the victims of crimes (54% vs 38% of all women sampled), as were they more likely to have a friend or a relative who was a victim of crime. · Relationship with police: The difference between men and women regarding trusting police (45% of men, 47% of women) is small. However, nearly 40% of men reported being in trouble with the police in the past, as compared to just 14% of women. · Illegal behavior: 20% of men admitted to using illegal drugs within the last 30 days, as compared to only 13% of women · Past experience with snitching: 35% of all male students reported being falsely accused of a crime in the past, compared to only 10% of female respondents. 14% of men said that they had been snitched on before, as compared to only 4% of females. · Women were more likely to consider themselves religious (64% women, 50% men) C. Situational Variable Race Differences Note: Because of the sample size, we were only able to make meaningful comparisons between Black vs. non-black students and White vs. nonwhite students) · Crime: Blacks were more likely to have a relative who was the victim of a crime. There were no differences between black and non-blacks with regards to being the vicitim of a crime or having a friend be the vicitm of a crime. · Relationship with police: 39% of black students reported that they trust the police, as compared to 54% of non-black students. · Illegal behavior: 20% of non-blacks admitted to using illegal drugs within the last 30 days, as compared to only 10% of blacks · Music: More than twice as many black students (48% v. 22% for non-blacks) reported listening to music that explicitly said that snitching is bad, although the percentage of both blacks and nonblack students who say that their musical choices influece their attitudes towards snitching was low (&% of black and 3% of non-black students). · Blacks identified themselves as religious more than non-blacks (70% blacks, 49% non-blacksCharacteristics of the Situation: The biggest difference was in terms of characteristics of the perpetrator. If the perpetrator was a relative or a friend, whites were less likely to cooperate with police than non-whites. C. Situational Variable Age Differences · Crime: Older students were more likely to have been the victim of a crime (mean age for victims = 26.9, mean age for nonvictims = 22.9) and more likely to have friends or relatives who had been victims. · Relationship with police: Older students were slightly more likely to trust police than younger students, but the age difference was less than one year. · Illegal behavior: Mean age for students who have used drugs in the last seven days = 23, for those who have NOT used drugs = 25 · Music: Younger students were far more likely to listen to music which explicitly states that snitching is bad (mean age = 22.1 for listeners, 26.1 for nonlisteners) · Older students considered themselves more religious than younger students. C. Situational Variable: Across all situations, younger students were less likely to cooperate with police than older students. III. Illegal Behavior and Snitching We hypothesized that students who were recently engaged in illegal behavior would be: 1) more likely to define snitching as cooperating with police in any situation and 2) less likely to cooperate with police in any situation. and more likely to view. To assess illegal behavior, we asked students if they had used an illegal drug in the past 30 days (a direct measure of illegal behavior). We also asked students if they had drunk alcohol in the past seven days. Since we also had students' ages, we were able to identify those respondents who engaged in illegal underage drinking (an indirect measure of illegal behavior). Students who had engaged in illegal behavior were more likely to view cooperating with police as a form of snitching (for example, 35% of illegal drug users said that "A person who is at the scene of a crime picks out the perpetrator in a a police line up" was an example of snitching, as compared to only 27% of nondrug users). Drug users in particular had significantly different life experiences than non drug users. They were signficantly more likely to have been the victims of crime (62% of drug users as compared to 39% of non drug users), more likely to have friends (92% of drug users vs. 71% of non users) and relatives (83% of drug users vs. 70% of non users) who had been the victims of crime, and more than twice as likely to have been in trouble with the police in the past (47% of drug users vs 17% of non-users). Ironically, there was no difference in participation in the D.A.R.E. program between illegal drug users and non users (approximately 40% of users and non users participated in the program). In terms of situational variables, there was no differences between users and non users regarding characteristics of the victim, with one notable exception: 40% of drug users said that they would be less likely to cooperate with police if the victim was a drug dealer, as compared to only 30% of non users. Not surprisingly, drug users were less likely to cooperate with the police if the crime involved drugs or was nonviolent in nature. IV. Music and Snitching We hypothesized that students who listened to music that explicitly says that snitching is bad would be: 1) more likely to define snitching as cooperating with police in any situation and 2) less likely to cooperate with police in any situation. Not surprisingly, those who listened to music that said that snitching was bad were more likely to define snitching as any cooperation with police and less likely to be influeced by situational factors when deciding whther to cooperate with police or not. Interestingly, while nearly 35% of all students admitted that they listened to music that said that snitching is bad, only 7% of that subsample said that the music they listen to influeced their attitudes towards snitching. This implies that, instead of music influencing attitudes towards snitching, those students who have already negative attitudes towards police and are predisposed not to snitch seek out music that confirms their attitudes. V. Religiousity and Snitching We asked students "Do you consider yourself religious?" 672 students responded yes and 436 students responded no. We hypothesized that students who identified themselves as being religious would be: 1) less likely to define snitching as cooperating with police in any situation and 2) more likely to cooperate with police in any situation. There were no differences between religious and nonreligious students regarding who they defined snitching. However, across all situations, religious students were more likely to cooperate with police than nonreligious students EXCEPT when: 1) there was a reward for doing so and 2) if by doing so the student would go free. Differences in cooperation may be related to life experiences. Nonreligious students were more likely to have tried drugs in the past month and drunk alcohol in the past seven days, although there was no difference between religious and nonreligious students in terms of past trouble with the police or trust of the police. VI. Parental Upbrining and Snitching We asked students "Did you parents/guardians teach you that snitching was bad?" 211 students responded yes and 888 students responded no. We hypothesized that students who were taught that snitching was bad as a child would be: 1) more likely to define snitching as cooperating with police in any situation and 2) less likely to cooperate with police in any situation. Students who were taught that snitching is bad were more likely to view cooperating with police as snitching. However, there were no differences between the two groups with regards to life experieces or how situational factors would influence propensity to cooperate with police. VII. Geographic Differences We hypothesized that the neighborhood a person lives in may be related to attitudes towards snitching and propensity to cooperate with police, so we asked students to provide their ZIP Codes. Of the nearly 1100 students surveyed, 895 students provided us with valid ZIP Codes. Jamie Picardy took the data from these students and created maps to look for geographic patterns in the data. Here are three of the maps that Jamie has created. The first maps shows the distribution of respondents across ZIP Codes (darker colors represent more students). Overall, we had at least one respondent in every Philadelphia ZIP Code except for 19112 (Philly Naval Shipyard), 19106 (Olde City), and 19118 (Chestnut Hill). the highest concentration of respondents was in the Southwest and Northeast. The second map shows student attitudes towards police, based on ZIP Code. Students were asked a simple yes/no question, "Do you trust the police?" For each ZIP Code, we computed the percentage of students who responded no and Jamie created a color-coded map of the responses. Darker colors represent higher levels of mistrust. In general, we can see higher levels of mistrust in the Southeast and North sections of Philadelphia. We based the third map on the question, "Would you be less likely to cooperate with police if by doing so it would damage your reputation in the neighborhood?" Again, for each ZIP Code, we computed the percentage of students who responded yes and Jamie created a color-coded map of the reponses. We can again see a geographic pattern in the responses---higher percentages of students were worried about their reputation in the neighborhood in the Southwest and North sections of Philadelphia. A Brief History of Snitching Note to the class: If you have any additional questions on how to edit this Wiki, please let me know ASAP. I would like these sections done no later than Monday April 6th. Make sure to include references for your source material. Jim, we need to attach the PowerPoint presentation to the wiki, but talk to me first---we need to make a few minor changes before we post it. Origin of the Word Snitch (Arbenita) Snitching and Ancient Rome (Jim) Snitching and slavery (Gwen) My goal was to show how and why snitchin was so prevelent during slavery. Slaves were more inclined to snitch because they or their loved ones would be tortured, beat and often killed for not cooperating with the slave owner. Second, I wanted to show how favors, money and even statis tactics were used to entice slaves into handing valuable information over to their capturers. One such tactic was allowing the slave to keep quarters in the slave owners home. This made the slave easy prey because they were at the masters beck and call and often gave over valuable information to stay in good favor with the slave owner. The house slaves were made to feel superior to the field slaves which caused division. This division led to animosity between the two groups which is exactly what the slave owners wanted. Community division amongst the sla McCarthyism and Blacklisting (Sarah) The Hollywood blacklist—more precisely the entertainment industry blacklist, into which it expanded—was the mid-twentieth-century list of screenwriters, actors, directors,musicians, and other U.S. entertainment professionals. These individuals were denied employment in the field because of their political beliefs or associations, real or suspected. Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy toward the American Communist Party, involvement in liberal or simply humanitarian political causes that enforcers of the blacklist associated with communism, and/or refusal to assist federal investigations into Communist Party activities; some were blacklisted merely because their names came up at the wrong place and time. Even during the period of its strictest enforcement, the late 1940s through the late 1950s, the blacklist was rarely made explicit and verifiable, but it caused direct damage to the careers of scores of American artists, often made betrayal of friendship (not to mention principle) the price for a livelihood, and promoted ideological censorship across the entire industry. The Hollywood Ten * Alvah Bessie, screenwriter * Herbert Biberman, screenwriter and director * Lester Cole, screenwriter * Edward Dmytryk, director * Ring Lardner Jr., screenwriter * John Howard Lawson, screenwriter * Albert Maltz, screenwriter * Samuel Ornitz, screenwriter * Adrian Scott, producer and screenwriter * Dalton Trumbo, screenwriter McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. This period is also referred to as the Second Red Scare, and coincided with increased fears about communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Originally coined to criticize the actions of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, "McCarthyism" later took on a more general meaning, not necessarily referring to the conduct of Joseph McCarthy alone. Whistleblowing (Jay) Codes of Silence (Shoneen) Snitching and ACLU (Nwanyidimma) Witness Protection Program (Jasmin) The Story of Chante Wright(Yvonda) Chante Wright was in the witness protection program because she wanted to help her boyfriend, who faced 25 years in federal prison for dealing crack. They was going cut his sentence by two-thirds, so she put her life on the line, agreeing to idenfity the triggerman in an unrealted murder case. The police thought that her testimony was so crucial and so fraught danger that she became the first state witness in Philadelphia to enter the federal witness-protection program. The U.S. Marshals gave her a new identity and moved her to Florida. After a while the law enforcement officals said she wasn't follow the rules because she was making phone calls back and forth to Philadelphia. They gave her a second chance but she didn't follow throught so they release her from the program. She found out her grandmother was sick, so she flew out to Philadlphia. After hours laters she and her girlfriend was murder after a late night party.
Minority Attitudes and Experience With Police (Anthony Van Luton)
The examples are African-Americans, however, this phenomenon could be prevalent in any Italian, Hispanic or other minority community. To say that African-Americans commit more crimes than any other racial group is absurd, yet African-Americans are overrepresented in our prison system.
Snitching and Music (Tymmothy)
In music (predominantly rap/hip-hop) snitching is viewed as a negative or demeaning act against, not only against another person, but one self also. It is seen as problematic by rap artist like Fabulous and Cam’ Ron just to name a few. They consistently talk of the repercussions of snitching, which is usually violence.
"They shooked up and hooked up on respirators on they last breath talking to investigators…"
-Fabolous-
Not snitching on their other hand is seem as an honorable act and is held in high regard. An example of this is the notorious female rap artist Lil’ Kim. She shocked the nation when she was indicted for perjury in front of a grand jury. She lie and withheld information regarding her whereabouts in 2006, when a shooting took place in front of the Hot 97 radio station. Like Kim there are many artists that live in this code of silence, but is it a facade, or is this who they are?
Stop Snitchin' (Britney)
Snitch Documentary (Drew)
The Boondocks' "Thank You for Not Snitching" (Alexis)
The Boondocks is based on a Comic Strip written by Aaron McGruder. The Comic Strip is featured in 350 newspapers nationwide. It focouses on two innercity boys (Huey and Riley) who are moved to the suburbs by their granddad. It focuses on their daily lives and how their lives have changed since they moved from the hood to The Boondocks.
Relevant Links and Readings
1) "The Real Meaning of Snitching" by Ronald Moten
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/17/AR2007081701715.html
A great Washington Post editorial by Ronald Moten, co-founder and COO of PeaceOholics, a Washington D.C. based non-profit organization that is committed to the youth and families of the District of Columbia. Through the various activities of Peaceoholics, youth will be transformed into drug-free and crime-free productive members of their communities. In this editorial, Moten argues that the definition of snitching has evolved in recent years to now include any cooperation with police, rather than simply ratting someone else out to reduce your penalty for committing a crime.
2a) "Stop Snitchin'" Wikipedia entry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Snitchin'
2b)"Thank You for Not Snitching" episode of The Boondocks Wikipedia entry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You_for_Not_Snitching
Summarizes the history of the "Stop Snitchin'" movement in the United States and the public response to the movement (such as Boston Mayor Thomas Menino's attempt to criminalize the sale of "Stop Snitchin'" t-shirts). The "Thank You for Not Snitching" episode of the controversial Adult Swim cartoon series The Boondocks has become an instant classic. In this episode, Aaron McGruder turns his scathing satire on the "Stop Snitching'" phenomenon, delving into the origins of the African-American community's distrust of police and how hip-hop artists use "Stop Snitchin'" as a marketing ploy to enhance their street credibility.
3) Stop Snitchin' Special Report by Anderson Cooper
http://60minutes.yahoo.com/segment/60/stop_snitching
Sponsored by Yahoo News, this site features a news segment by Anderson Cooper for 60 Minutes on the "Snop Snitchin'" phenomenon. Also includes an interesting blog about whether Busta Rhymes should talk to police about the Israel Ramirez case.
4a) Joint Oversight Hearing on Law Enforcement Confidential Informant Practices by Alexandra Natapoff
http://judiciary.house.gov/media/pdfs/Natapoff070719.pdf
4b) "Bait and Switch: The High Cost of Snitching for Law Enforcement" by Alexandra Natapoff
http://editor.slate.com/default.aspx?id=2132092&displaymode=6&workarea=3
Alexandra Natapoff is is a law professor at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles who has been very critical of snitching and the use of police informants. From her article in Slate: "The backlash against snitches embodies a growing national recognition that snitching is dangerous public policy—producing bad information, endangering innocent people, letting dangerous criminals off the hook, compromising the integrity of police work, and inciting violence and distrust in socially vulnerable neighborhoods."
5a) "Snitch: How Informants Have Become a Key Part of Prosecutorial Strategy in the Drug War" a PBS Frontline Documentary
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch/
5b) Complete Transcript of the "Snitch" Documentary
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch/etc/script.html
Web site that accompanies PBS Frontline's "Snitch" documentary. "Snitch" investigates how a fundamental shift in the country's anti-drug laws -- including federal mandatory minimum sentencing and conspiracy provisions--has bred a culture of snitching that is in many cases rewarding the guiltiest and punishing the less guilty.
6) "A Hip-Hop Backlash Against Snitching" by Siddhartha Mitter
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5178424
In this audioclip from NPR, Commentator Siddhartha Mitter talks about the increasing number of police informants in inner-city communities -- and by contrast, the backlash in hip-hop music against "snitching."
7a) Who's a Rat? Web Site
7b) "A Web Site That Snitches on Snitches" from CBS News
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/22/the_skinny/main2834752.shtml
Who's a Rat? is a web site that posts the names and mug shots of government witnesses, along with court documents outlining the plea agreements they made in return for more lenient sentences. Whosarat.com says it has identified 4,300 informants and 400 undercover agents since 2004. The site was started by a man named Sean Bucci, who was indicted in federal court on marijuana charges after an informant provided information to prosecutors. In a recent New York Times article, a Justice Department official was quoted as saying that this (and other similar sites) were set up "for the clear purpose of witness intimidation, retaliation and harassment," and pose "a grave risk of harm to cooperating witnesses and defendants."
8) "Snitching for the State" by Ron Paul
http://www.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul44.html
Rep. Ron Paul (R-Texas) is a libertarian-leaning Republican who has been making waves recently in his attempt to win the Republican Presidential nomination. In this piece, Paul criticizes "Operation TIPS – Terrorism Information and Prevention System", a provision in the Patriot Act that encourages the use of "...thousands or even millions of Americans to act as spies for the government, reporting suspicious activity...", especially "...mailmen, delivery drivers, plumbers, gas-meter readers, and the like, as they have access to private homes and businesses in their daily work."
9) "Snitches Get Snitches: Youth, Gangs, and Witness Intimidation in Massachusetts"
http://www.ncvc.org/tvp/AGP.Net/Components/DocumentViewer/Download.aspxnz?DocumentID=43495
Summary report of a research project conducted by the National Center for Victims of Crime. The goal of the project was to "...increase knowledge and understanding of a) the critical factors that deter youth witnesses from reporting gang crimes and testifying against perpetrators, and b) the kinds of policies and programs that can encourage victim and witness cooperation."
10) "Unnecessary Evil: Blind Trust and Unchecked Abuse In America's Informant System" ACLU Website
http://www.aclu.org/drugpolicy/search/informantabuse.html
An extensive anti-snitching website sponsored by the ACLU on the topic of government informants. Includes videos, personal stories, resources for lawyers, and the informant policies of over a dozen cities and states. From the web site: "Unlike witnesses, informants are motivated by self-advancement. Informants work for the government, often secretly, to gather and provide information or to testify in exchange for cash or leniency in punishment for their own crimes. Preliminary research indicates that up to 80% of all drug cases in America may be based on information provided by informants...Unfortunately, today’s informant system does just that. It lacks the oversight mechanisms and regulations necessary to ensure that informants are telling the truth. Too often, informants are pressured into lying at the expense of innocent people in order to save their own skin. A steady parade of scandals also demonstrates the sad reality that too many times law enforcement has turned a blind eye to the serious, violent crimes being committed by informants while assisting with investigations of less serious crimes, such as non-violent drug offenses. Add to all of this, the vast over-reliance on informants in policing communities of color, and you have a recipe for disaster."
11) "Informants: Resources for a Snitch Culture" The November Coalition Web Site
Another extensive anti-snitching website sponsored by the November Coalition with dozens of links to articles, blogs, and book reviews.
180 African-Americans were present at a party. Two individuals were caught smoking marijuana and arrested. Because of the close proximity to several dozen other partygoers, many others were cited for marijuana use and/or possession. Many African-Americans do not trust the police departments because they have family members who have personally been denied due process or have been issued citations in dubious situations. Many of the black defendants who were cited did not respond to the citations. As a result, the presiding judge charged these defendants with “failure to appear” and a bench warrant was issued. Suddenly, a misdemeanor charge turns into two misdemeanors. In reference to education, either formally or socially, many who chose not to appear, simply didn’t understand or comprehend the seriousness of the summons and did not follow up. Now dozens of basically innocent people carry a felony charge which will always impact their ability to rent, to obtain credit or to get a job.
“Stop snitching” could be a rational response by terrorized citizens to a justice system that betrays them on a daily basis. It could also mean the development of an “us against them” mentality.
Page Information
|
Wiki Information |
Recent PBwiki Blog Posts |
Create your own educational wiki!